{"id":3791,"date":"2024-04-11T17:51:12","date_gmt":"2024-04-11T17:51:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/?page_id=3791"},"modified":"2024-05-30T13:49:18","modified_gmt":"2024-05-30T13:49:18","slug":"valknut","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/en\/viking-symbols\/valknut\/","title":{"rendered":"Untying the Valknut: Symbolism, Etymology, and Interpretation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3791\" class=\"elementor elementor-3791\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-845488e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"845488e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9216e8f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9216e8f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-811bdcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"811bdcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 05-08-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Untying the Valknut<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fef5d5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fef5d5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbolism, Etymology, and Interpretation<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17bb30a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"17bb30a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f7514b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f7514b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 05-08-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>The Valknut is one of the most common ancient Norse symbols and it remains one of the most intriguing, cryptic and controversial motifs from the Viking Age. Comprising three interlocking triangles, either as a unicursal symbol consisting of one single continuous path such as on runestone <a href=\"http:\/\/kulturarvsdata.se\/uu\/srdb\/55bbf51a-d57c-44b5-b854-a0f003fec835\">G 268<\/a> or as a tricursal form consisting of three separate triangles such as on the &#8220;Stora Hammars Stone&#8221;, this obscure icon is immersed in mystery and debate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a76e50 premium-woo-product-align-center premium-qv-hidden-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-premium-woo-products\" data-id=\"2a76e50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;products_show&quot;:3,&quot;products_show_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;products_show_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;products_on_scroll&quot;:1}\" data-widget_type=\"premium-woo-products.grid-2\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-hidden premium-woocommerce premium-woo-products-carousel premium-woo-skin-grid-2 premium-woo-query-custom\" data-woo_carousel=\"{&quot;slidesToShow&quot;:3,&quot;slidesToScroll&quot;:1,&quot;autoplaySpeed&quot;:3000,&quot;autoplay&quot;:true,&quot;infinite&quot;:true,&quot;pauseOnHover&quot;:false,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;arrows&quot;:true,&quot;dots&quot;:true,&quot;rtl&quot;:false,&quot;prevArrow&quot;:&quot;&lt;a type=\\&quot;button\\&quot; data-role=\\&quot;none\\&quot; class=\\&quot;carousel-arrow carousel-prev\\&quot; aria-label=\\&quot;Previous\\&quot; role=\\&quot;button\\&quot; style=\\&quot;\\&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-angle-left\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&lt;\\\/a&gt;&quot;,&quot;nextArrow&quot;:&quot;&lt;a type=\\&quot;button\\&quot; data-role=\\&quot;none\\&quot; class=\\&quot;carousel-arrow carousel-next\\&quot; aria-label=\\&quot;Next\\&quot; role=\\&quot;button\\&quot; style=\\&quot;\\&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-angle-right\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&lt;\\\/a&gt;&quot;,&quot;responsive&quot;:[{&quot;breakpoint&quot;:1024,&quot;settings&quot;:{&quot;slidesToShow&quot;:2,&quot;slidesToScroll&quot;:2}},{&quot;breakpoint&quot;:767,&quot;settings&quot;:{&quot;slidesToShow&quot;:1,&quot;slidesToScroll&quot;:1}}]}\" data-page-id=\"3791\" data-skin=\"grid_2\" data-quick-view=\"yes\"><div class=\"premium-woo-products-inner premium-woo-product__hover-swap\"><ul class=\"products columns-3\">\n\n<li class=\"post-3666 product first instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t<div class=\"premium-woo-product-wrapper\">\n\t\t<div class=\"premium-woo-product-thumbnail\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/en\/product\/valknut-pendant-necklace\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/P21010_01--768x501.jpg\" alt=\"valknut mens viking necklace\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/P21010_02--768x512.jpg\" class=\"premium-woo-product__on_hover\" alt=\"handmade sterling silver valknute necklace\" \/><\/a><div class=\"premium-woo-products-details-wrap\"><div class=\"premium-woo-product-details\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/en\/product\/valknut-pendant-necklace\/\" class=\"premium-woo-product__link\"><h2 class=\"woocommerce-loop-product__title\">Valknut Pendant Necklace<\/h2><\/a>\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-woo-product-category\">\n\t\t\t\tPendants\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"star-rating\"><span style=\"width:0%\">Rated <strong class=\"rating\">0<\/strong> out of 5<\/span><\/div>\n\t<span class=\"price\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><bdi><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">NOK<\/span>&nbsp;1590<\/bdi><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"premium-woo-product-actions-wrapper\"><div class=\"premium-woo-atc-button\" data-variations=&quot;true&quot;><a href=\"?add-to-cart=3666\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_3666\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"3666\" data-product_sku=\"\" aria-label=\"Add to cart: &ldquo;Valknut Pendant Necklace&rdquo;\" rel=\"nofollow\">Add to cart<\/a><span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_3666\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t<\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"premium-woo-qv-btn button\" data-product-id=\"3666\">Quick View<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"premium-woo-quick-view-2a76e50\" class=\"premium-woo-quick-view-2a76e50\">\r\n\t<div class=\"premium-woo-quick-view-back\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"premium-woo-quick-view-loader\"><\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div id=\"premium-woo-quick-view-modal\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"premium-woo-content-main-wrapper\"><!--\r\n\t\t--><div class=\"premium-woo-content-main\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-woo-lightbox-content\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"premium-woo-quick-view-close fa fa-close\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"premium-woo-quick-view-content\" class=\"woocommerce single-product\"><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32b0d3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32b0d3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Little is known about the symbol &#8211; right down to the actual name for it, where &#8220;Valknut&#8221; is a modern invention. However, it has been subject to various interpretations, each adding depth and interpretation to our understanding of its significance.<\/p><p>In the following we hope to clarify at least some of the confusion around the symbol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664592b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"664592b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbolism and Interpretation<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3b4f80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3b4f80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The word &#8220;Valknut&#8221; is often assumed to be a compound term that combines &#8220;Valr&#8221;, meaning a warrior fallen or slain in battle, and &#8220;knut&#8221;, meaning knot. As such the terms translates to &#8220;knot of fallen warriors.&#8221; The term &#8220;valknute&#8221; in Norwegian has been attributed to a 1943 paper by Gutorm Gjessing (available <a href=\"https:\/\/www.duo.uio.no\/handle\/10852\/37546\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>) when referring to the symbol on for example Stora Hammars Stone as mentioned above. However in modern Norwegian the term &#8220;valknute&#8221; usually refers to the symbol known in English as &#8220;Saint John&#8217;s Cross&#8221;, most commonly recognized from the symbol on the Mac-keyboard.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba0d400 premium-woo-product-align-center premium-qv-hidden-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-premium-woo-products\" data-id=\"ba0d400\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;products_show&quot;:3,&quot;products_show_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;products_show_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;products_on_scroll&quot;:1}\" data-widget_type=\"premium-woo-products.grid-2\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-carousel-hidden premium-woocommerce premium-woo-products-carousel premium-woo-skin-grid-2 premium-woo-query-custom\" data-woo_carousel=\"{&quot;slidesToShow&quot;:3,&quot;slidesToScroll&quot;:1,&quot;autoplaySpeed&quot;:3000,&quot;autoplay&quot;:true,&quot;infinite&quot;:true,&quot;pauseOnHover&quot;:false,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;arrows&quot;:true,&quot;dots&quot;:true,&quot;rtl&quot;:false,&quot;prevArrow&quot;:&quot;&lt;a type=\\&quot;button\\&quot; data-role=\\&quot;none\\&quot; class=\\&quot;carousel-arrow carousel-prev\\&quot; aria-label=\\&quot;Previous\\&quot; role=\\&quot;button\\&quot; style=\\&quot;\\&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-angle-left\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&lt;\\\/a&gt;&quot;,&quot;nextArrow&quot;:&quot;&lt;a type=\\&quot;button\\&quot; data-role=\\&quot;none\\&quot; class=\\&quot;carousel-arrow carousel-next\\&quot; aria-label=\\&quot;Next\\&quot; role=\\&quot;button\\&quot; style=\\&quot;\\&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-angle-right\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&lt;\\\/a&gt;&quot;,&quot;responsive&quot;:[{&quot;breakpoint&quot;:1024,&quot;settings&quot;:{&quot;slidesToShow&quot;:2,&quot;slidesToScroll&quot;:2}},{&quot;breakpoint&quot;:767,&quot;settings&quot;:{&quot;slidesToShow&quot;:1,&quot;slidesToScroll&quot;:1}}]}\" data-page-id=\"3791\" data-skin=\"grid_2\" data-quick-view=\"yes\"><div class=\"premium-woo-products-inner premium-woo-product__hover-swap\"><ul class=\"products columns-3\">\n\n<li class=\"post-3857 product first instock taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t<div class=\"premium-woo-product-wrapper\">\n\t\t<div class=\"premium-woo-product-thumbnail\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/en\/product\/viking-shield-knot-necklace\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/P2090_01-768x512.jpg\" alt=\"handmade viking shield knot pendant necklace\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/P2090_02-768x512.jpg\" class=\"premium-woo-product__on_hover\" alt=\"handmade viking shield knot pendant necklace\" \/><\/a><div class=\"premium-woo-products-details-wrap\"><div class=\"premium-woo-product-details\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/en\/product\/viking-shield-knot-necklace\/\" class=\"premium-woo-product__link\"><h2 class=\"woocommerce-loop-product__title\">Viking Shield Knot Pendant<\/h2><\/a>\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-woo-product-category\">\n\t\t\t\tNorwegian Valknute\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"star-rating\"><span style=\"width:0%\">Rated <strong class=\"rating\">0<\/strong> out of 5<\/span><\/div>\n\t<span class=\"price\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><bdi><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">NOK<\/span>&nbsp;1590<\/bdi><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"premium-woo-product-actions-wrapper\"><div class=\"premium-woo-atc-button\" data-variations=&quot;true&quot;><a href=\"?add-to-cart=3857\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_3857\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"3857\" data-product_sku=\"2090\" aria-label=\"Add to cart: &ldquo;Viking Shield Knot Pendant&rdquo;\" rel=\"nofollow\">Add to cart<\/a><span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_3857\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t<\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"premium-woo-qv-btn button\" data-product-id=\"3857\">Quick View<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"premium-woo-quick-view-ba0d400\" class=\"premium-woo-quick-view-ba0d400\">\r\n\t<div class=\"premium-woo-quick-view-back\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"premium-woo-quick-view-loader\"><\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div id=\"premium-woo-quick-view-modal\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"premium-woo-content-main-wrapper\"><!--\r\n\t\t--><div class=\"premium-woo-content-main\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-woo-lightbox-content\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"premium-woo-quick-view-close fa fa-close\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"premium-woo-quick-view-content\" class=\"woocommerce single-product\"><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c42fa4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c42fa4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The exact symbolism behind the Valknut is as mentioned not known, however several interpretations exist. One popular perception is that it represents a connection of three realms of Norse cosmology: Asgard (the world of the gods), Midgard (the world of humans), and Hel (the underworld) &#8211; or equally birth, life and death. This tripartite structure partially mirrors the Norse understanding of the universe, reflecting the interconnected nature of all things, for example as embodied by the three &#8220;norns&#8221; who weave the web of fate.<\/p><p>Relating the symbol directly to Odin and his role in this interplay, for example Hilda Ellis Davidson suggests it might be associated with his power to bind and unbind. According to legend, Odin could bind the minds of men, forcing them into behaving as he wanted. Our brand name jar\u00f0f\u00e9 is even taken from a passage attesting to Odin&#8217;s ability to do just that:<\/p><blockquote><p>\u00d3\u00f0inn vissi um alt jar\u00f0f\u00e9, hvar f\u00f3lgit var, ok hann kunni \u00feau lj\u00f3\u00f0, er upp laukst fyrir honum j\u00f6r\u00f0in, ok bj\u00f6rg ok steinar, ok haugarnir, ok batt hann me\u00f0 or\u00f0um einum \u00fe\u00e1 er fyrir bjoggu, ok g\u00e9kk inn ok t\u00f3k \u00fear sl\u00edkt er hann vildi.<br \/>Odin knew about all buried treasures and where they were hidden, and he knew the songs which would open up the earth, mountains, stones and hills, and just with his words he bound those who lived there so he could take what he wanted.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>The interlocking triangles could therefore represent the entwining of the mental and physical, highlighting Odins control over life and death.<\/p><p>Another interpretation relates to the combination of three triangles, resulting in a symbol consisting of nine corners, a number considered magic in old Norse and Viking symbolism. Odin hangs himself on Yggdrasil for nine nights, there are nine worlds surrounding Yggdrasil, the length of symbolic feasts lasted nine days and is supposed to have included sacrifice of animals and humans in groups of nine, etc. The list of times the number nine comes up in old Norse mythology is very long, and speaks to its ingrained symbolism.<\/p><p>Rudolf Simek in his &#8220;Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie&#8221; and others have also suggested the Valknut&#8217;s association with the symbol known as &#8220;Hrungnishjarta&#8221;:<\/p><blockquote><p>Hrungnir \u00e1tti hjarta \u00feat, er fr\u00e6gt er, af h\u00f6r\u00f0um steini ok tind\u00f3tt me\u00f0 \u00ferimr hornum, sv\u00e1 sem s\u00ed\u00f0an er gert ristubrag\u00f0 \u00fear, er Hrungnishjarta heitir.<\/p><p>Hrungnir had a heart, that was famous, it was made of stone and pointed with three horns, like the symbol that was later drawn, known as Hrungnishjarta.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>Note that &#8220;hornum&#8221; could either be translated as &#8220;horn&#8221; (ref horn in Norwegian), as in the bone-like growth on some animal&#8217;s heads, or &#8220;corner&#8221; (ref hj\u00f8rne in Norwegian), as in the corner of a square.<\/p><p>This interpretation is in our opinion less likely, as the stanza specifically notes that the symbol has <em>three<\/em> pointed horns. Both versions of the valknut will have six or nine horns or corners depending on how one counts, making it more likely that Hrungnishjarta refers to a symbol such as the one found for example on the runestone <a href=\"http:\/\/kulturarvsdata.se\/uu\/srdb\/55bbf51a-d57c-44b5-b854-a0f003fec835\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">G 268<\/a> or that on runestone <a href=\"http:\/\/kulturarvsdata.se\/uu\/srdb\/2da4efef-6e1f-46b1-917e-d07f4634d6ed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">G 181<\/a>, both from Gotland in Sweden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de7e5bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"de7e5bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Valknut and its connection to Odin<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6f0751 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a6f0751\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Valknut is frequently found in archaeological contexts connected to Odin and it is therefore sometimes known as &#8220;Odin&#8217;s knot&#8221;. It has also been found on gravestones and urns, earning it the epithet &#8220;death knot&#8221; as well. The common theme of the symbol&#8217;s usage in art has in most circumstances been in relation to war or death, possibly suggesting its use as a symbol of mortality and the transition between life and death. This interpretation also supports the link to the god Odin and his association with war, death, and the afterlife.<\/p><p>Now, there has been a lot of modern debate about accuracy of exactly this. Some popular online references go very far in making the claim that the valknut has no symbolic value, that it is simply a Norse re-imagination of a triquetra and the suggestion has also been made that because it is often associated with horses the symbol is simply related to horse worship.<\/p><p>However, reading the article by Gutorm Gjessen, who is often attributed as the father of term he states:<\/p><blockquote><p>[&#8230; p\u00e5] St. Hammars [steinen] var det plasert tre triangler, flettet i hverandre, stort og tydelig og demonstrativt like under \u00f8rnen, som en m\u00e5 tro er Oden. Det er ikke tvil om at trianglene st\u00e5r her som et rent symbolsk tegn, og det ville v\u00e6re fristende \u00e5 oppfatte det som et Oden-symbol, plasert her for \u00e5 vise den, som m\u00e5tte v\u00e6re i tvil, at \u00f8rnen er Oden sj\u00f8l. Det m\u00e5 da ha v\u00e6rt et symbolsk tegn, som var velkjent for alle, som skulle se bildesteinene.<br \/>or in English (our translation):<\/p><p>[&#8230;] on the &#8220;Store Hammars Stone&#8221; there were three interwoven triangles prominently displayed right below the eagle, which one would interpret as being Odin. There is no doubt that the triangles are a purely symbolic sign, and it is tempting to interpret the symbol as a symbol for Odin directly, placed exactly here to convince those in doubt that the eagle was in fact Odin himself. It must therefore have been a symbolic sign, known colloquially to everyone who would see the stones.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>This is from the first mention of the term &#8220;valknute&#8221;, and he goes on to mention another five runestones where the symbol shows up related to horses and he also mentions a few stones in which the symbol is seen together with ships. The interpretation is most often that these ships depict a journey into the afterlife. Interestingly though, a well-known kenning for ship was horse, such as &#8220;b\u00e1ruf\u00e1kr&#8221; meaning &#8220;wave-horse&#8221;.<\/p><p>The point made by Gutorm Gjessen is nonetheless clearly that he believed the symbol was a direct symbol for Odin himself. But Gjessen also goes much further in his discussion, also including symbols such as the one found on <a href=\"https:\/\/gotlandicpicturestones.se\/s\/index\/item\/2230\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GP 184 Hejnum Riddare<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tj%C3%A4ngvide_image_stone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alskog Tj\u00e4ngvide I<\/a>. This makes it is that Gjessen&#8217;s interpretation of the symbol is much wider than the modern interpretation of the valknut as just a triangular symbol.<\/p><p>Interestingly, Gjessen refers the choice of the term &#8220;valknute&#8221; partially to Einar Lexow&#8217;s book &#8220;Gammel vestlandsk v\u00e6vkunst&#8221;, which really deals with the Saint John&#8217;s Cross mentioned above and it&#8217;s use in Norwegian traditional weaving. He also states that the symbol is known by this name in western Norway and Swedish<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5323722 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5323722\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"gjessen-quote\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote><p>Selv om valknuten ikke er kjent fra gammelnorsk litteratur, er det tydelig nok at den er gammel i m\u00e5lf\u00f8rene ogs\u00e5 som navn p\u00e5 det bestemte ornamentmotiv. Endelig kan den magiske kraft ornamentet har hatt i senere tider, tyde p\u00e5 at denne kraft er en reminisens fra en religi\u00f8st-symbolsk mening, som det en gang har hatt.<\/p><p>Even though the valknut is not known from old Norse literature, it is evident that it has along history in common language, also as the name of the specific ornamental motif. Finally, the magical power the ornament has had in later times may reflect that this power is a remnant of a religious-symbolic meaning, which it once had.<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7caa3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7caa3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>According to Gjessen, &#8220;valknute&#8221; was the Norwegian name of the symbol. Note that we will discuss this further below.<\/p><p>Rudolf Simek, even if he interprets the symbol as the same as Hrungnishjarta, also has the same interpretation as Gjessen, even going further and suggesting its direct relation to death<\/p><blockquote><p>Der norwegische Name dieses Zeichens und die Tatsache, da\u00df es auf Bildsteinen durchwegs mit Odin gemeinsam auftritt und noch dazu auf Grabbeigaben des Osebergschiffes eingeschnitzt ist, weisen ihm eine Rolle im Totenkult zu.<\/p><p>The Norwegian name of this symbol and the fact that it consistently appears together with Odin on picture stones and is also carved on grave goods from the Oseberg ship assign it a role in the cult of the dead.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>Simek obviously bases part of his conclusion on the idea that the Norwegian name for the symbol was &#8220;valknute&#8221;.<\/p><p>The main source of the disagreement in academic circles seems to stem from conclusions made by Tom Heller and his book &#8220;Valkn\u00fatr: Das Dreiecksymbol der Wikingerzeit&#8221; which is arguably the most significant examination of the symbol known to date. Unfortunately, we have not been able to get a copy of this book and cannot make any statements to its conclusions, however Leszek Garde\u0142a in the paper &#8220;Miniatures with Nine Studs&#8221; makes the following comment:<\/p><blockquote><p>The occurrences of the valkn\u00fatr\u00a0motif in Viking Age iconography have been thoroughly investigated by Tom Hellers (2012) whose work convincingly demonstrates its ties with \u00d3\u00f0inn as well as with the ideas of death, afterlife, and magic.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>and then goes on to note<\/p><blockquote><p>In approaching the valkn\u00fatr, Hellers advises caution and rightly refrains from providing one overarching explanation of this evidently potent symbol. Instead, he advocates the idea of its multivalence and underlines the fact that it operated within an exclusively pagan context.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>Evidently to Garde\u0142a, the conclusions by Tom Heller are mostly the same as for the other above mentioned researchers, although he emphasizes Hellers&#8217; view that the symbol must be seen in context.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c85cdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c85cdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymology<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1db0b04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1db0b04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fundamentally it seems much of the debate online about the &#8220;validity&#8221; of the symbol valknut seems to boil down to a discussion about whether or not the real name for the symbol in question was &#8220;valknut&#8221; or &#8220;valknutr&#8221;. And equally the etymology of this word. Much of this again seems to boil down to Gutorm Gjessen&#8217;s article, where he notes:<\/p><blockquote><p>I yngre merovingertid var valknuten alts\u00e5 et Oden-symbol. Det ligger da unektelig n\u00e6r \u00e5 utlede forstavinga val- av valr m. = de falne (i strid). Oden var fram for alt de falnes gud, og valr har gitt opphavet til Oden-navnet Valfader, til Valhall og valkyrje, og til en mengde andre sammensetninger.<\/p><p>In younger Merovingian times, the valknot was threfore a symbol of Odin. It is undeniably reasonable to derive the prefix val- from valr, meaning &#8220;the fallen&#8221; (in battle). Odin was above all the God of the fallen, and valr has given rise to the name Valfader referring to Odin, to Valhalla and valkyrie, and a number of other compounds.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>On the basis that the term for the symbol (or this and a range of similar symbols) is &#8220;valknute&#8221; in Norwegian and the symbol has been juxtaposed with depictions of Odin in old Norse time, he makes the reasonable connection between the prefix &#8220;val-&#8221; in &#8220;valknute&#8221; and the similar prefix &#8220;val-&#8221; in old Norse which we know beyond a doubt refers to &#8220;valr&#8221; or &#8220;the fallen&#8221;. He then goes on to note<\/p><blockquote><p>En annen ting er, at det kanhende kan virke unaturlig \u00e5 stille valr sammen med knute, hvorfor Magnus Olsen tidligere har antydet overfor Einar Lexow, at ordet kunne henge sammen med folkenavnet valir = kelter, s\u00e6rlig fra Valland.<\/p><p>Another point is that it might seem unnatural to combine valr with knot, whereuopn Magnus Olsen previously hinted to Einar Lexow that the word could be connected to the word valir, meaning Celts, especially from Valland.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>This is taken from Einar Lexow who relates that the well-known Norwegian philologist and expert in old Norse <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnus_Olsen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Magnus Olsen<\/a> suggested the name could also have been a Norwegianization for the term &#8220;Celtic knot&#8221;. Note that &#8220;Valland&#8221; was the old Norse word for western Europe (read more <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>).<\/p><p>Einar Lexow also notes that &#8220;valknute&#8221; was used by G. I. Schive in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.no\/books\/edition\/Norges_Mynter_i_Middelalderen_samlede_og\/QYpMAAAAcAAJ?hl=no&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Norges+Mynter+i+Middelalderen+Schive&amp;printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Norges Mynter i Middelalderen&#8221;<\/a> (1865) to denote the symbol found on the coin minted by Harald Hardrada, more commonly known in English as a triquetra<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be687e0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"be687e0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97b23e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"97b23e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"schive\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 05-08-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"564\" height=\"272\" src=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Harald-Hardrada.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3812\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Harald-Hardrada.png 564w, https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Harald-Hardrada-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Harald-Hardrada-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 564px) 100vw, 564px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf87b82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf87b82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We should note that this symbol seems more closely related to our rendition of the symbol, than the symbol in current Norwegian use. The difference between this symbol and the valknut seems to be a rounding of the sides of the triangle and that the triangles hinge in their corners. However, Einar Lexow notes that he believes Schive&#8217;s use of the term for the symbol in question is in error and due to a misunderstanding.<\/p><p>The truth is that there exists a series of books written in the 1800s, mainly about coins, that call this exact symbol a valknut. For example <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.no\/books\/edition\/Aarb%C3%B8ger_for_nordisk_oldkyndighed_og_hi\/YKVJAAAAYAAJ?hl=no&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=valknude&amp;pg=PA135&amp;printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Aarb\u00f8ger for nordisk oldkyndighed og historie&#8221;<\/a> from 1875 describes the same symbol as Schive as a &#8220;valknude&#8221; on page 135:<\/p><blockquote><p>De tyske numismatikere kalde i almindelighed deres figur en gordisk knude; de nordiske m\u00f8ntkendere bruge den heldigere betegnelse: valknude [&#8230;]<\/p><p>German numismatists generally call their figure a Gordian knot; the Nordic coin experts use the more fortunate term: valknude [&#8230;]<\/p><\/blockquote><p>Note that &#8220;valknude&#8221; is the &#8220;Dano-Norwegian&#8221; equivalent of the &#8220;valnute&#8221;. The interested reader may <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dano-Norwegian\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refer to Wikipedia<\/a>.<\/p><p>While <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.no\/books\/edition\/Urda\/UORMAAAAMAAJ?hl=no&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=valknude&amp;pg=PA395&amp;printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Urda, et norsk antiqvarisk-historisk tidsskrift&#8221;<\/a> from 1837 (page 395) calls the following symbol(s) a valknude:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6864df6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6864df6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dafae56 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dafae56\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5dff70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c5dff70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/digitaltmuseum.org\/0210113594409\/b-6500c-liten-spenne-av-kobberlegering-limt-pa-b-2017-spenne-av-solv\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"556\" height=\"556\" src=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017a.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-3809\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017a.jpg 556w, https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017a-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017a-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017a-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017a-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">B2017 top<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9e7472 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9e7472\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7393cd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7393cd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/digitaltmuseum.org\/0210113594410\/b-6500c-liten-spenne-av-kobberlegering-limt-pa-b-2017-spenne-av-solv\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"440\" height=\"440\" src=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017b.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-3810\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017b.jpg 440w, https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017b-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017b-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017b-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/jardfe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/B2017b-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">B2017 bottom<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37c413 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37c413\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anders L. Lorange in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.no\/books\/edition\/Samlingen_af_Norske_oldsager_i_Bergens_m\/sFkEAAAAYAAJ?hl=no&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=valknude&amp;pg=PA148&amp;printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Samlingen af Norske oldsager i Bergens museum&#8221;<\/a> from 1875 calls the same symbol also a valknute, when discussing the same item as above.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.no\/books\/edition\/Nordisk_universitets_tidskrift\/OlcQAAAAYAAJ?hl=no&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=valknut&amp;pg=RA3-PA97&amp;printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Nordisk universitets-tidskrift&#8221;<\/a> from 1857, on the other hand calls the main knot-structure on the Fjuckby runestone a &#8220;valknut&#8221;.<\/p><p>And in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.no\/books\/edition\/Supplement_ved_Chr_C_L_v_Castenskiold\/tOu5fH2NJbUC?hl=no&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=valknude&amp;pg=PA222&amp;printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Supplement&#8221; to &#8220;Lexicon over adelige familier i Danmark, Norge og Hertugdomene&#8221;<\/a> from 1872 Chr. C. L. v. Castenskiold calls two intertwined ropes a valknude.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f190c0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f190c0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It therefore becomes evident that the tradition in Scandinavia was to call any intertwined knot or symbol a valknut.<\/p><p>Gjessen also notes in his article that the name valknute is found in old danish dictionaries. For example in C. Molbech&#8217;s 1833 Danish dictionary <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.no\/books\/edition\/Dansk_Ordbog_indeholdende_det_danske_Spr\/6S5JAAAAcAAJ?hl=no&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=valknude&amp;pg=PA1457&amp;printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Dansk ordbog&#8221;<\/a> it states<\/p><blockquote><p>Valknude , en . pl . r . En konstig knyttet Knude , som vanskelig kan l\u00f8ses og eftergiores<\/p><p>Valknot, An artifically tied knot, that is difficult to untie and undo<\/p><\/blockquote><p>Note that an even earlier occurrence of the word comes form the 1807 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.no\/books\/edition\/Fuldst%C3%A6ndigt_dansk_og_engelsk_haand_lex\/rNoNAQAAMAAJ?hl=no&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=valknude&amp;pg=PA988&amp;printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Danish-English dictionary<\/a> by Christian Friderich Bay, with the simple translation:<\/p><blockquote><p>Valknude, a Waleknot<\/p><\/blockquote><p>i.e. a nautical knot used as a stopper on a rope, often used in conjunction with the term &#8220;wall knot&#8221; today, which in many respects is similar to a Gordian knot. Note that occurrences of the term &#8220;wale knot&#8221; date back much earlier and can be found in for example Sir Henry Mainwaring&#8217;s book <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.no\/books\/edition\/The_sea_man_s_dictionary_or_An_expositio\/kctlAAAAcAAJ?hl=no&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Waleknot&amp;pg=PA101&amp;printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;The sea-man&#8217;s dictionary&#8221;<\/a> from 1670.<\/p><p>The term &#8220;valknute&#8221; therefore has historically referred to a long list of somewhat related symbols. However, the word&#8217;s translation to &#8220;Waleknot&#8221; in Danish from 1807 seems to strongly suggest the etymological basis for the word is not from &#8220;valr&#8221; such as suggested by Gutorm Gjessen, but rather a &#8220;Scandification&#8221; of the otherwise well-known nautical term &#8220;wale knot&#8221; &#8211; referring to a nautical knot.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f7fb20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f7fb20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contextual interpretation<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a388761 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a388761\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Having extensively discussed the etymology behind the modern name for the symbol we should shift focus and actually look at the symbol itself, disregarding it&#8217;s epithet.<\/p><p>Context is essential in interpreting anything related to the vikings. Not only is much, if not all, symbolism and mythology to the vikings the result of broader influences from other civilizations. We cannot deny the similarity between for example old Norse deities and those of Greek or Roman mythology.<\/p><p>Very little of the viking&#8217;s world view evolved in a vacuum. There are probably many occurrences of the symbol known as &#8220;valknut&#8221; in contexts other than that of the Scandinavian vikings, where the symbol has other interpretations. The valknute has similarly been found on an extensive number of artifacts both within and outside Scandinavia. We will in this context only concern our self with the Scandinavian finds.<\/p><p>In Norway the symbol has been found on the bedpost form the Oseberg burial ship and on a bucket lid from the same burial. In Denmark it has been for example been found on coins from the <a href=\"https:\/\/natmus.dk\/historisk-viden\/danmark\/oldtid-indtil-aar-1050\/vikingetiden-800-1050\/vikingernes-soelvskatte\/damhusskatten\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Damhus hord<\/a>. While Sweden has the largest amount of finds, where it is found on several picture stones. Let us briefly describe some of these finds.<\/p><p>From Sweden on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%A4ngelg%C3%A5rda_stones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tangelg\u00e5rda Stone<\/a> the valknut is found around the legs of a horse with a rider, most often interpreted as warriors entering Valhalla. The rest of the imagery on the stone is generally also believed to depict stories about the mythology surrounding Odin. <br \/>On Lillbj\u00e4rs III (G268\/GP 390) the symbol is again next to a rider and horse riding towards a figure holding a horn in what looks like a welcoming. Below the central scene is a ship. It is tempting to interpret this scene similarly to the scene described above of a warrior being welcomed into Valhalla, given their visual similarities. However suggestions have been made that the scene depicts <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sigurd being welcomed by Brynhildr<\/a> or the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saga of Hild<\/a>. The same rider and symbol is also found on the stone <a href=\"https:\/\/gotlandicpicturestones.se\/s\/index\/item\/2433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lillbj\u00e4rs I (GP 388)<\/a> from the same location. Both these stones are found in a well-known Migration-period burial site, and have possibly acted as headstones.<br \/>On <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stora_Hammars_stones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stora Hammars I<\/a>, the valknut is seen next to a depiction usually interpreted as a human sacrifice (sometimes believed to be a &#8220;blood eagle&#8221;) and two birds. The rest of the stone also depicts a ship and also the image of a warrior about to be hung on a tree, among other scenes.<br \/>On the stone <a href=\"https:\/\/gotlandicpicturestones.se\/s\/index\/item\/2230\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hejnum Riddare<\/a> we see a ship with a symbol placed near the aft. This symbol is valknut-like, but where the triangles have been pulled apart, hinging in the corner.<\/p><p>Regarding the coins from the Damhus treasure in Denmark, the <a href=\"https:\/\/tidsskrift.dk\/arkaeologi_i_Slesvig\/article\/view\/128608\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conclusion reached by Claus Feveile<\/a> is that the horse-like animal on the coin is a deer. Equally he notes that the reverse side of the coin contains a face which is similar to faces on other coins which are believed to be depictions of Odin (p. 55). Directly what the connection between a deer and Odin is is not clear, but the symbolism between the valknut and Odin seems to persist. Concurrently, the other style of coin has the same deer and a ship on the reverse side. It is not clear to us if there is a valknut on any of these coins, however we know from the Swedish above picture stones that the valknut has been depicted in relation to ships.<\/p><p>According to Gutorm Gjessen the valknut has also been carved into doorways and artifacts throughout the times, eventhough we have no clear evidence of this.<\/p><p>Interestingly, G. I. Schive makes the following interpretation in regards to the <a href=\"#schive\">triquetra symbol viewed above<\/a> which seems similar to the valknut found on the Hejnum Riddare picture stone:<\/p><blockquote><p>Tre sammenlagte Skjolde, eller maaskee en ufuldkommen udf\u00f6rt tredobbel Sl\u00f6ife eller Valknude, der har den symbolske Betydning af Treeningheden.<\/p><p>Three joined shields, or maybe an incomplete bow or valknot, which symbolizes The Trinity.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>This is actually a pretty interesting claim if correct. We know very confidently that a common theme during the Christianization of Scandinavia was to take the old symbols and customs and partially or completely change them into symbols of the new faith. Many churches were built on previously sacred places, and several Norwegian stave churches have runic inscriptions and carvings. For example Thor&#8217;s hammer was gradually replaced by the christian cross, as demonstrated by the <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pendant,_cross_shaped,_copy_(6880181143).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crosses\/hammers found both in Huse in Norway and on Iceland<\/a> which both looks like a hammer and a cross. It would in this regard reasonable that the symbol associated with one of, if not the, principal deity of the pagan faith would be modified slightly and used to symbolize the new faith in order to merge the ideas between Odin and the Christian god. This could further strengthen the idea of the valknut as a symbol for Odin.<\/p><p>Based on this we feel it is reasonable to see the valknut <em>in a Scandinavian Viking-era context<\/em> as a symbol either of Odin or of death. The discussion of the connection between these two ideas is best left for another time. The most likely explanation nonetheless would be that it is a symbol of Odin directly. The symbol&#8217;s function as a invocation of Odin and equally perhaps a protective symbol or sigil would also help explain the carving of the symbol into everyday items such as the Oseberg bedpost or bucket lid.<\/p><p>This idea is the same as reflected by Gjessen from the <a href=\"#gjessen-quote\">quote above<\/a> where the valknut and its related symbols, such as the triquetra and the St Johns&#8217;s Cross is believed to be protective symbols in Norwegian folk religion and superstition.<\/p><p>Having a symbol of Odin directly would also be likely in an old Norse context, who were known to use symbols to depict deities and ideas. To make a related example to more accurately relay this, we can look at Thor&#8217;s Hammer Mj\u00f6lnir. On the Altuna Stone a human figure is depicted holding a hammer in one hand. Due to the inherent symbolism related to the hammer we know definitively that the figure on the stone is Thor. Had the figure not been holding a hammer there could have been questions raised about who the stone depicts, as it contains no text describing the scene. Concurrently people would extensively wear Thor&#8217;s hammer as an amulet or talisman, maybe the same way the valknut was carved into objects in the Oseberg find.<\/p><p>In the context of Scandinavian vikings, a common interpretations among researchers either way seems to be that the motif most commonly known as valknut is a symbol related to Odin and secondary ideas connected to him. Furthermore, on the basis of Gjessen&#8217;s ethnographic interpretation of the symbol in a Scandinavian-Viking context, seeing the symbol as representing Odin is not unreasonable, but it is obviously etymologically questionable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65c2d6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"65c2d6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f29b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4f29b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The takeaway from this article is probably that there is no real conclusion, as we can never fully decipher the intentions of a people who did not thoroughly record their intentions for prosperity. Nor can we make any attestations to the universal interpretation of the symbol valknut.<\/p><p>Furthermore, we cannot definitely say that valknut, valknute or valknutr was the name for the symbol we have discussed. Nor can we say anything about whether the term valknutr was known to the vikings at all. However, all evidence indicate that the name is a purely modern invention, applied to a range of similarly knotted symbols. A likely explanation for Gutorm Gjessen using the word &#8220;valknute&#8221; to denote the symbol, can in large part be explained by his willingness to draw parallels between the word&#8217;s prefix and its association with Odin.<\/p><p>However, getting trapped in a debate about the etymological origins of the name of the symbol and thereby using this name as a way to dismiss its symbolic significance is possibly an even bigger crime.<\/p><p>There is overwhelming evidence that the Vikings in Scandinavia often would use the symbol in relation to depictions interpreted as being of Odin. Therefore many researchers seem to believe that in this context the symbol was associated with Odin. We have found no evidence which opposes this and therefore see the symbol as a likely invocation of the Norse god Odin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Untying the Valknut Symbolism, Etymology, and Interpretation The Valknut is one of the most common ancient Norse symbols and it [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3674,"parent":3354,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3791","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","desktop-align-left","tablet-align-left","mobile-align-left"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.4 - 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